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Rodent model design
The animals were randomly divided into five groups of fifteen mice each. The control group and model group mice were gavaged with sesame oil for 6 days. Positive control group mice were gavaged with bifendate tablets (BT, 10 mg/kg) for 6 days. The experimental groups were treated with 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg AEO dissolved in sesame oil for 6 days. On day 6, the control group was treated with sesame oil, and all of the other groups were treated with a single dose of 0.2% CCl4 in sesame oil (10 ml/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. The mice were then fasted free of water, and blood samples were collected from the retrobulbar vessels; collected blood was centrifuged at 3000 × g for 10 min to separate the serum. Cervical dislocation was performed immediately after withdrawal of blood, and liver samples were promptly removed. One part of the liver sample was immediately stored at −20 °C until analysis, and another part was excised and fixed in a 10% formalin solution; the remaining tissues were stored at −80 °C for histopathological analysis (Wang et al., 2008, Hsu et al., 2009, Nie et al., 2015).
Measurement of the biochemical parameters in the serum
Liver injury was assessed by estimating the enzymatic activities of serum ALT and AST using the corresponding commercial kits according to the instructions for the kits (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China). The enzymatic activities were expressed as units per liter (U/l).
Measurement of MDA, SOD, GSH and GSH-Px in liver homogenates
Liver tissues were homogenized with cold physiological saline at a 1:9 ratio (w/v, liver:saline). The homogenates were centrifuged (2500 × g for 10 min) to collect the supernatants for the subsequent determinations. Liver damage was assessed according to the hepatic measurements of the MDA and GSH levels as well as the SOD and GSH-Px activities. All of these were determined following the instructions on the kit (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China). The results for MDA and GSH were expressed as nmol per mg protein (nmol/mg prot), and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were expressed as U per mg protein (U/mg prot).
Histopathological analysis
Portions of freshly obtained liver were fixed in a 10% buffered paraformaldehyde phosphate solution. The sample was then embedded in paraffin, sliced into 3–5 μm sections, stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) according to a standard procedure, and finally analyzed by light microscopy (Tian et al., 2012).
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). The results were analyzed using the statistical program SPSS Statistics, version 19.0. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05) followed by Dunnett’s test and Dunnett’s T3 test to determine the statistically significant differences between the values of various experimental groups. A significant difference was considered at a level of p < 0.05.
Results and discussion
Constituents of AEO
Upon GC/MS analysis, the AEO was found to contain 25 constituents eluted from 10 to 35 min, and 21 constituents accounting for 84% of the essential oil were identified (Table 1). The volatile oil contained monoterpenoids (80.9%), sesquiterpenoids (9.5%), saturated unbranched hydrocarbons (4.86%) and miscellaneous acetylene (4.86%). Compared with other studies (Guo et al., 2004), we found abundant monoterpenoids (80.90%) in the AEO. The results showed that the most abundant constituent of AEO is β-citronellol (16.23%). Other major components of AEO include 1,8-cineole (13.9%), camphor (12.59%), linalool (11.33%), α-pinene (7.21%), β-pinene (3.99%), thymol (3.22%), and myrcene (2.02%). The variation in the chemical composition may be related to the environmental conditions that the plant was exposed to, such as mineral water, sunlight, the stage of development and nutrition.
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2.1. Preparation of SDE
The rhizomes of SD were purchased as a dried herb from Hanherb Co. (Guri, Korea). The plant materials were confirmed taxonomically by Dr. Go-Ya Choi of the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). A voucher specimen (number 2014 SDE-6) was deposited in the Korean Herbarium of Standard Herbal Resources. Dried rhizomes of SD (320 g) were extracted twice with 70% ethanol (with a 2 h reflux) and the extract was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The decoction was filtered, lyophilized, and stored at 4°C. The yield of dried extract from crude starting materials was 48.13% (w/w).
2.2. Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
Chromatographic analysis was performed with a HPLC system (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) and a photodiode array detector. For the HPLC analysis of SDE, the prim-O-glucosylcimifugin standard was purchased from the Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry (Gyeongsan, Korea), and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol and 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol were isolated within our laboratory and identified by spectral analyses, primarily by NMR and MS.
SDE samples (0.1 mg) were dissolved in 70% ethanol (10 mL). Chromatographic separation was performed with an XSelect HSS T3 C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% acetic acid in water (B) at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min. A multistep gradient program was used as follows: 5% A (0 min), 5–20% A (0–10 min), 20% A (10–23 min), and 20–65% A (23–40 min). The detection wavelength was scanned at 210–400 nm and recorded at 254 nm. The injection volume was 10.0 μL. Standard solutions for the determination of three chromones were prepared at a final concentration of 7.781 mg/mL (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin), 31.125 mg/mL (4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol), and 31.125 mg/mL (sec-O-glucosylhamaudol) in methanol and kept at 4°C.
2.3. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro
2.3.1. Cell Culture and Sample Treatment
RAW 264.7 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) and grown in DMEM medium containing 1% antibiotics and 5.5% FBS. Cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. To stimulate the cells, the medium was replaced with fresh DMEM medium, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) at 1 μg/mL was added in the presence or absence of SDE (200 or 400 μg/mL) for an additional 24 h.
2.3.2. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production
Cells were treated with SDE and stimulated with LPS for 24 h. NO production was analyzed by measuring nitrite using the Griess reagent according to a previous study [12]. Secretion of the inflammatory cytokines PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 was determined using an ELISA kit (R&D systems) according to manufacturer instructions. The effects of SDE on NO and cytokine production were determined at 540 nm or 450 nm using a Wallac EnVision™ microplate reader (PerkinElmer).
2.4. Evaluation of Antiosteoarthritis Activity In Vivo
2.4.1. Animals
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were purchased from Samtako Inc. (Osan, Korea) and housed under controlled conditions with a 12-h light/dark cycle at °C and % humidity. Rats were provided with a laboratory diet and water ad libitum. All experimental procedures were performed in compliance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Daejeon university (Daejeon, republic of Korea).
2.4.2. Induction of OA with MIA in Rats
The animals were randomized and assigned to treatment groups before the initiation of the study ( per group). MIA solution (3 mg/50 μL of 0.9% saline) was directly injected into the intra-articular space of the right knee under anesthesia induced with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. Rats were divided randomly into four groups: (1) the saline group with no MIA injection, (2) the MIA group with MIA injection, (3) the SDE-treated group (200 mg/kg) with MIA injection, and (4) the indomethacin- (IM-) treated group (2 mg/kg) with MIA injection. Rats were administered orally with SDE and IM 1 week before MIA injection for 4 weeks. The dosage of SDE and IM used in this study was based on those employed in previous studies [10, 13, 14].
2.4.3. Measurements of Hindpaw Weight-Bearing Distribution
After OA induction, the original balance in weight-bearing capability of hindpaws was disrupted. An incapacitance tester (Linton instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) was used to evaluate changes in the weight-bearing tolerance. Rats were carefully placed into the measuring chamber. The weight-bearing force exerted by the hind limb was averaged over a 3 s period. The weight distribution ratio was calculated by the following equation: [weight on right hind limb/(weight on right hind limb + weight on left hind limb)] × 100 [15].
2.4.4. Measurements of Serum Cytokine Levels
The blood samples were centrifuged at 1,500 g for 10 min at 4°C; then the serum was collected and stored at −70°C until use. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2 in the serum were measured using ELISA kits from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to manufacturer instructions.
2.4.5. Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from knee joint tissue using the TRI reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), reverse-transcribed into cDNA and PCR-amplified using a TM One Step RT PCR kit with SYBR green (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). The primer sequences and the probe-sequence are shown in Table 1. Aliquots of sample cDNAs and an equal amount of GAPDH cDNA were amplified with the TaqMan® Universal PCR master mixture containing DNA polymerase according to manufacturer instructions (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). PCR conditions were 2 min at 50°C, 10 min at 94°C, 15 s at 95°C, and 1 min at 60°C for 40 cycles. The concentration of target gene was determined using the comparative Ct (threshold cycle number at cross-point between amplification plot and threshold) method, according to manufacturer instructions.
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Pure Dalbergia Odoriferae Lignum oil for candle and soap making wholesale diffuser essential oil new for reed burner diffusers
The medicinal plant Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen species, also called Lignum Dalbergia odoriferae [1], belongs to genus Dalbergia, family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) [2]. This plant has been widely distributed in the tropical regions of Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar, and East and Southern Asia [1, 3], especially in China [4]. D. odorifera species, which has been known as “Jiangxiang” in Chinese, “Kangjinhyang” in Korean, and “Koshinko” in Japanese drugs, has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, blood disorders, ischemia, swelling, necrosis, rheumatic pain, and so on [5–7]. Particularly, from Chinese herbal preparations, heartwood was found and has been commonly employed as a part of commercial drug mixtures for cardiovascular treatments, including Qi-Shen-Yi-Qi decoction, Guanxin-Danshen pills, and Danshen injection [5, 6, 8–11]. As many other Dalbergia species, phytochemical investigations demonstrated the occurrence of the predominant flavonoid, phenol, and sesquiterpene derivatives in various parts of this plant, especially in terms of heartwood [12]. Furthermore, a number of bioactive reports on cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiosteosarcoma, antiosteoporosis, and vasorelaxant activities and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities indicate that both D. odorifera crude extracts and its secondary metabolites are valuable resources for new drugs development. However, no evidence was reported for the general view about this plant. In this review, we give an overview of the major chemical components and biological evaluations. This review would make a contribution to the understanding of the traditional values of D. odorifera and other related species, and it provides necessary guidelines for future researches.
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Wholesale Pure Natural Atractylodes Lancea Oil for Daily Chemical Industry Herb Extract Atractylis Oil
CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.
This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
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Wholesale Pure Natural Atractylodes Lancea Oil for Daily Chemical Industry Herb Extract Atractylis Oil
What is Atractylodes lancea root extract?
Atractylodes lancea is a Chinese origin, medicinally valuable plant, which is cultivated for its rhizomes. Its rhizomes contain essential oils.
Use & Benefits:
It has anti-inflammatory properties, it soothes skin when applied. It may be useful for acne prone, irritated skin.
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Menthol CamphorBorneol oil Content For Bath And Aromatherapy
Health Benefits and Uses
Borneol provides a highly beneficial intersection of Western and Eastern medicine. The effect of Borneol is widespread in the treatment of various ailments. In Chinese Medicine, it is associated with the liver, spleen meridians, heart, and lungs. Below is a list of some of its many health benefits.
Fights respiratory illness and lung disease
Many studies suggest terpenes, and Borneol, in particular, effectively reduce respiratory illness. Borneol has demonstrated efficacy in reducing inflammation of the lungs by reducing inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory infiltration. Individuals practicing Chinese Medicine also commonly use Borneol to treat bronchitis and similar ailments.
Anticancer properties
Borneol has also demonstrated anticancer properties by increasing the action of Selenocysteine (SeC). This reduced cancerous spread through apoptotic (programmed) cancer cell death. In many studies, Borneol has also shown increased efficiency of antitumor drug targeting.
Effective analgesic
In a study considering postoperative pain in people, topical Borneol application led to significant pain reduction compared to a placebo control group. Additionally, acupuncturists tend to use Borneol topically for its analgesic properties.
Anti-inflammatory action
Borneol has demonstrated blocking certain ion channels that promote pain stimulus and inflammation. It also aids in pain relief from inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Neuroprotective effects
Borneol offers some protection from neuronal cell death in the event of an ischemic stroke. It also facilitates the regeneration of brain tissue and repair. It is proposed to have this neuroprotective effect by altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Fights stress and fatigue
Some users of cannabis strains with higher Borneol levels suggest that it decreases their stress levels and reduces tiredness, thus, allowing for a state of relaxation without full sedation. Individuals who practice Chinese Medicine also acknowledge its stress relief potential.
Entourage effect
As with other terpenes, the effects of Borneol in combination with the cannabinoids of cannabis have demonstrated the entourage effect. This occurs when the compounds work together to give some heightened therapeutic benefit. Borneol can increase blood-brain barrier permeability, allowing for easier passing of therapeutic molecules to the central nervous system.
Aside from Borneol’s many medicinal applications, it is also commonly used in insect repellents due to its natural toxicity to many bugs. Perfumeries also manipulate Borneol for its pleasant scent to humans.
Potential Risks and Side Effects
Borneol is often considered a secondary terpene in cannabis, meaning that it appears in relatively minor amounts. These lower doses of Borneol are thought to be relatively safe. However, in isolated high doses or long-term exposure, Borneol can have some potential risks and side effects, including:
- Skin irritation
- Irritation of the nose and throat
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Dizziness
- Light-headedness
- Fainting
With extremely high Borneol exposure, individuals can experience:
- Restlessness
- Agitation
- Inattention
- Seizures
- If swallowed, it can be highly toxic
It is important to note that the amount present in cannabis is unlikely to cause these symptoms. Irritation also does not occur with the relatively small doses used for analgesia and other effects.
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Pure Cnidii Fructus oil for candle and soap making wholesale diffuser essential oil new for reed burner diffusers
Cnidium is a plant that is native to China. It has also been found in the US in Oregon. The fruit, seed, and other plant parts are used as medicine.
Cnidium has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years, often for skin conditions. It’s not surprising that cnidium is a common ingredient in Chinese lotions, creams, and ointments.
People take cnidium by mouth for increasing sexual performance and sex drive, and for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). Cnidium is also used for difficulty having children (infertility), bodybuilding, cancer, weak bones (osteoporosis), and fungal and bacterial infections. Some people also take it to increase energy.
Cnidium is applied directly to the skin for itchiness, rashes, eczema, and ringworm.
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Chemical composition of ATR
The chemical composition of ATR are mainly volatile components and non-volatile components. The ATR essential oil (ATEO) is considered to be the active component of ATR, and the content of ATEO is the only indicator for the determination of ATR content. At present, there are various researches on volatile parts and relatively less research on non-volatile parts. The volatile components are relatively complex, and the main structural types are phenylpropanoids (simple phenylpropanoids, lignans and coumarins) and terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids and triterpenes). Non-volatile components are mainly alkaloids, aldehydes and acids, quinones and ketones, sterols, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The results of the ATR chemical composition study will contribute to the development of its quality research.
Volatile composition
Researchers used analytical testing techniques such as chromatography and GC-MS to analyze the chemical components of ATR from different origins, different batches, different extraction methods and different parts. Previous studies indicated that the main chemical constituents in ATR were volatile oils, which are the important indicator for quality evaluation of ATR. α-Asarone and β-asarone accounted for 95% of ATR volatile oils and were identified as characteristic components (Figure 1) (Lam et al., 2016a). The “Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China” (2020 Edition) records that the volatile oil content of ATR should not be less than 1.0% (mL/g). Currently, multiple kinds of volatile oil components were found in ATR
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Perilla is an herb. The leaf and seed are used to make medicine.
Perilla is used for treating asthma. It is also used for nausea, sunstroke, inducing sweating, and to reduce muscle spasms.
In foods, perilla is used as a flavoring.
In manufacturing, perilla seed oil is used commercially in the production of varnishes, dyes, and inks.
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Angelica is a plant. The root, seed, and fruit are used to make medicine.
Angelica is used for heartburn, intestinal gas (flatulence), loss of appetite (anorexia), arthritis, circulation problems, “runny nose” (respiratory catarrh), nervousness, plague, and trouble sleeping (insomnia).
Some women use angelica to start their menstrual periods. Sometimes this is done to cause an abortion.
Angelica is also used to increase urine production, improve sex drive, stimulate the production and secretion of phlegm, and kill germs.
Some people apply angelica directly to the skin for nerve pain (neuralgia), joint pain (rheumatism), and skin disorders.
In combination with other herbs, angelica is also used for treating premature ejaculation.
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100% Pure Herbal Essential Cyperus Oil for Soap Making Cyperus Rotundus Oil
Nutgrass is a renowned herb used across many effective skincare formulations. As per Ayurveda, it has been used in various concoctions which were prepared to lighten dark spots and etc.
Benefits…
It has also been found in many Ayurvedic medicines to treat rashes, fungal infections and skin conditions. The powdered extracts of Nutgrass root are highly potent and enriched with antioxidants, which helps to slow the skin’s aging as it works to reduce the fine lines and wrinkles. It helps to control excessive formulation of pigment, melanin, in the skin. Thereby it restores brighter complexion of the skin. Nutgrass is cooling in nature, its anti-inflammatory property helps soothe redness, breakouts, and inflamed skin. It has proven to treat severe skin conditions. It is rich in fatty acids, vitamins and flavonoids which are extremely beneficial for the skin as well as hair. These properties add to the skin’s radiance, and strengthens the hair with shine and volume.
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High quality pure natural Notopterygium oil used for Health care
In terms of dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, there are many qualified Chinese herbs. Therefore, comparing notopterygium with its peers with similar healing properties would help us to understand this medicinal plant better.
Both notopterygium root and Angelica Root (Du Huo) can clear wind-damp and improve joint pain and stiffness. But they have their own strengths and weaknesses respectively. The former is with stronger nature and flavor, which makes it possess better antipyretic effect through sweating and ascending potency. For that reason, it is an ideal herb for spinal diseases and pain in the upper body and the back of the head. In comparison, angelica root is with descending potency, which endows it with a better healing power on rheumatism of lower body and joint pain in foot, lower back, leg, and shin. As a result, they are often used in pair medicinally since they are highly complementary.
Both notopterygium and Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi) are good at expelling wind and removing cold. But that former prefers the wind-damp in head, neck, and back while Gui Zhi is better to deal with wind-damp in shoulders, arms, and fingers.
Bothe notopterygium and Fang Feng (Radix Saposhnikoviae) are specialized at expelling wind. But the former has a stronger effect than Fang Feng.
Modern pharmacological actions of notopterygium root
1. Its injection has analgesic and antipyretic effects. In addition, it has inhibition on skin fungus and brucellosis;
2. Its soluble portion has experimental anti-arrhythmic effect;
3. Its volatile oil also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. And it can resist against pituitrin-induced myocardial ischemia and increase myocardial nutritional blood flow;
4. Its volatile oil still inhibits delayed type hypersensitivity in mice.Sample notopterygium incisum recipes on herbal remedies
Zhong Guo Yao Dian (Chinese pharmacopoeia) believes that it is acrid and bitter in flavor and warm in nature. It covers meridians of bladder and kidney. Main functions are expelling wind, dispelling cold, removing dampness, and relieving pain. Basic notopterygium uses and indications include headache in wind-cold type common cold, rheumatism, and aching pain in shoulder and back. Recommended dosage is from 3 to 9 grams.
1. Qiang Huo Fu Zi Tang from Yi Xue Xin Wu (Medical Revelations). It is combined with Fu Zi (Aconite), Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger Root), and Zhi Gan Cao (Honey Fried Licorice Root) to treat brain attacked by foreign cold pathogen, brain pain radiating to teeth, cold limbs, and cooling air from mouth and nose.
2. Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang from Ci Shi Nan Zhi (Hard-Won Knowledge). It is formulated with Fang Feng, Xi Xin (Herba Asari), Chuan Xiong (lovage root), etc. to cure wind-cold type external infection accompanied with dampness, chills, fever, no sweat, headache, stiff neck, and sharp joint pain in limbs.
3. Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang from Nei Wai Shang Bian Huo Lun (Clarifying Doubts about Injury from Internal and External Causes). It is used together with angelica root, Gao Ben (Rhizoma Ligustici), Fang Feng, etc. to heal exterior wind-damp, headache and painful stiff nape, sour heavy lower back, and whole body joint pain.
4. Juan Bi Tang, also known as notopterygium and turmeric combination, from Bai Yi Xuan Fang (Precisely-selected Prescriptions). It works with Fang Feng, Jiang Huang (Curcuma Longa), Dang Gui (Dong Quai), etc. to end wind-cold-dampness arthralgia in the upper body, pain in joint of shoulder and limbs.
5. Qiang Huo Gong Gao Tang from Shen Shi Yao Han (A Valuable Manual of Ophthalmology). It joints with lovage root, Bai Zhi (Angelica Dahurica), Rhizoma Ligustici, etc. to relief headache caused by wind-cold or wind-damp.
