Pure Dalbergia Odoriferae Lignum oil for candle and soap making wholesale diffuser essential oil new for reed burner diffusers

According to database of The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org, 2017), the following acceptable name of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen species is listed at a level of high confidence [13]. The medicinal plant D. odorifera species, also known as fragrant rosewood, is a semideciduous perennial tree [14], with morphological characteristics such as a height of 30–65 feet, oval leaves, and tiny yellow flowers [14]. Characteristic morphology has also been reported in the work of Hao and Wu (1993), based on the detailed description of the physical form and external structure made on stem parenchyma cells of a tropical deciduous tree of D. odorifera species [15]. As the outcomes displayed, in the secondary phloem of branchlet and trunk, the vacuole proteins were found in all of the parenchyma cells, except for companion cells. In addition, the proteins in the ray parenchyma and vasicentric parenchyma appeared in only the outer secondary xylem of the branchlet, but not in the trunk secondary xylem. The xylem vacuole proteins accumulated at the end of the growing period and disappeared after the first flush of growth in spring. The phloem vacuole proteins indicated seasonal variations, especially in the cells near the cambium. The fibrous structure of vacuole proteins was evidently found in the status of aggregation or in more or less even dispersion occurring in the large central vacuoles during both the growth and the dormant periods. Importantly, the nature of seasonal development in tropical trees might be different from that in temperate trees, in which a leguminous tree from the tropics of China such as D. odorifera species had the stem storage proteins in large central vacuoles, but the stem storage proteins of temperate trees appeared as small protein storage vacuoles or protein bodies, and the specific type of stem protein storage found in tropical plants might not be an accidental phenomenon [15].

The medicinal plant D. odorifera species has been shown as one of the most precious rosewoods in the world with diverse medicinal and high commercial values. For instance, its heartwood, named “Jiangxiang” in traditional Chinese medicine, was used in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia to treat cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, blood disorders, ischemia, swelling, necrosis, and rheumatic pain [6, 7]. As far as we know, the heartwoods provided a profitable resource of essential oils, which could be seen as a precious perfume fixative [1]. Apart from the important role in pharmaceutical industry, the heartwoods were famous for high-grade furniture and crafts, owing to their sweet fragrance, beautiful surface, and high density [2]. It is noticed that the wild plant D. odorifera species is threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation for timber usage [2, 16]. Therefore, the protection and growth of this one is an urgent task. Parallel with this, recently, the influence of geographic and temperature variations on D. odorifera seed germination (based on four geographic places: Ledong, Hainan; Pingxiang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Zhaoqing, Guangdong; and Longhai, Fujian, China) was reported in the work of Liu et al. (2017) [16]. The result revealed that the optimal germination temperature for seeds collected from Ledong and Pingxiang was 25°C, whereas that for seeds from the remaining two was 30°C. In another case, Lu et al. (2012) found out that the nodulating capacity to fix N2 from the atmosphere in D. odorifera species was a prerequisite for seedling establishment and growth, and we therefore need to identify the symbiosis relationship between strains of rhizobia and nodules of D. odorifera species [17]. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) reckoned that these two bacterial strains, 8111 and 8201, were isolated from root nodules of an endemic woody legume in Southern China, D. odorifera species, which were closely related to Burkholderia cepacia. In the meantime, they were also similar in carbon source utilization using biology GN2 plate tests and their DNA G+C content was 65.8 and 65.5 mol%, respectively [17]. Two kinds of strains, 8111 and 8201, further provided high similarities with B. cepacia complex in the oxidation of almost all carbon sources, except for cellobiose, in comparison with B. cepacia and B. pyrrocinia by the oxidation of cellobiose and xylitol and with B. vietnamiensis by the oxidation of adonitol and cellobiose [17]. Additionally, plant biomass and N content showed that active N2 fixation occurred in nodules after inoculation with these two Burkholderia strains, as compared to negative control seedlings of D. odorifera species [17]. In conclusion, Burkholderia strains 8111 and 8201 can play positive roles in forming functional nodules of legume species D. odorifera [17].

Endophytic fungi or endophytes, existing widely inside the healthy tissues of plants, might significantly influence the formation of metabolic products and the quality and quantity of natural products derived from medicinal plants [49]. The relationship between diverse fungi and partial irregular heartwood of Guangdong, China, D. odorifera species, was reported by Sun et al. (2015); first, only two fungi were isolated from 160 white healthy wood tissues, approximately seven years old, which were affiliated to species of Bionectriaceae. On the contrary, 85 fungi were identified from purple or purple-brown wounded wood tissues, approximately seven years old, and belonged to 12 species [2]. Second, molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated fungi performed seven distinct clades with a majority of the bootstrap values well above 90%, including Fusarium sp., Bionectriaceae, Pleosporales, Phomopsis sp., Exophiala jeanselmei, Auricularia polytricha, and Oudemansiella sp. For example, the ITS sequence from the isolated code 12120 from wounded wood was identified as Phomopsis sp. and was clustered by 98% bootstrap support with Phomopsis sp. DQ780429 or with the isolated code 12201 derived from white healthy wood, exerting a strongly supported clade with Bionectriaceae sp. EF672316, especially three isolates 12119, 12130, and 12131 that were closely related by a 92% bootstrap value, which clustered strongly with the reference sequences of Fusarium sp. in GenBank. Third, extensive research and overall analyses of the endophytic isolation frequency exposed twelve fungal species in the purple-brown wounded wood in which the total colonization frequency was 53.125%, belonging to eight genera or families: Eutypa, Fusarium, Phomopsis, Oudemansiella, Eutypella, Auricularia, Pleoporales sp., and Exophiala, in which Eutypa sp. (12123) was the most frequent with 21.25%, whereas only Bionectriaceae sp. (1.25%) was found in the healthy white wood. Finally, anatomical analysis suggested that some fungal hyphae appeared in the vessels of purple-brown wounded wood, whereas this one was not found in the vessel of healthy white wood