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Chemical composition of ATR

The chemical composition of ATR are mainly volatile components and non-volatile components. The ATR essential oil (ATEO) is considered to be the active component of ATR, and the content of ATEO is the only indicator for the determination of ATR content. At present, there are various researches on volatile parts and relatively less research on non-volatile parts. The volatile components are relatively complex, and the main structural types are phenylpropanoids (simple phenylpropanoids, lignans and coumarins) and terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids and triterpenes). Non-volatile components are mainly alkaloids, aldehydes and acids, quinones and ketones, sterols, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The results of the ATR chemical composition study will contribute to the development of its quality research.

Volatile composition

Researchers used analytical testing techniques such as chromatography and GC-MS to analyze the chemical components of ATR from different origins, different batches, different extraction methods and different parts. Previous studies indicated that the main chemical constituents in ATR were volatile oils, which are the important indicator for quality evaluation of ATR. α-Asarone and β-asarone accounted for 95% of ATR volatile oils and were identified as characteristic components (Figure 1) (Lam et al., 2016a). The “Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China” (2020 Edition) records that the volatile oil content of ATR should not be less than 1.0% (mL/g). Currently, multiple kinds of volatile oil components were found in ATR

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Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR, Shi Chang Pu in Chinese) is the dried rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott., a perennial herb of the Araceae Juss (Yan et al., 2020b). It is first recorded in the classic works of traditional Chinese medicine “Shen Nong’s Materia Medica,” and is listed as a top grade. The effects of ATR are mainly to resuscitate, calm the mind, resolve shi (dampness) and harmonize the wei (stomach) (Lam et al., 2016b). Clinically, ATR is widely used for neurological disorders, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal digestive system, respiratory system in China (Lam et al., 2016b; Li et al., 2018a), and for the treatment of epilepsy, depression, amnesia, consciousness, anxiety, insomnia, aphasia, tinnitus, cancers, dementia, stroke, skin diseases, and other complex diseases (Lee et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2013; Lam et al., 2019; Li J. et al., 2021). In recent years, its pharmacological research has shown that ATR has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-epileptic, sedative, hypnotic, anti-convulsant, anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and so on (Wu et al., 2015; Lam et al., 2017a; Fu et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020; Zhang W. et al., 2022). Previous studies indicated that ATR is promising as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), depression, or ulcerative colitis. In view of the exact clinical efficacy of ATR and the continuous discovery of new pharmacological activities and active ingredients, it has been widely concerned worldwide in recent years and has become one of the hot researched Chinese medicine varieties in the medical field.

The chemical composition and pharmacological effects of ATR have been extensively reported over the past few decades, and its pharmacokinetics and toxicity have also been studied in varying degrees. However, most of the previous reports are scattered, lacking systematic summary and induction of ATR. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and discussion of its chemical composition, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity characteristics, thereby contributing to the further clinical practice and application of ATR.